The chemistry and topography of the implant surface both influence bioactivity; however, chemical and topographical modifications of nano-engineered implants frequently occur concurrently. Identifying whether and how topography and chemistry tailor specific cellular activity may aid in the development of the next generation of highly responsive implants. To study implants with similar topography, new approaches are required.

Contact-based antimicrobials, which are antibiotic-free technologies that exert antimicrobial activity through non-specific interactions with bacterial cells, are a promising solution to the global problem of bacterial resistance. The direct bonding of cationic guanidine-containing amino acids to the surface of nano-gold carriers is a very simplified approach to their design. Because of its high density, the structure allows for antimicrobial activity.

Because of their numerous unique properties, micro/nano metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received significant attention in recent years, with many synthetic methods and strategies for constructing MOFs with specific micro/nano structures being reported. Furthermore, the design of micro/nano MOFs for energy storage and conversion applications, as well as the investigation of the structure-activity relationship, have emerged as research hotspots. Because this is one of the first examples of LCA application in this field, the authors believe it will contribute to the advancement of subject literature and knowledge. The effect of collagen matrix on leather has only been studied for Hydroxyapatite (HA), the starting material for new nano-formulation.